{
  "dataset": "Golden Visa",
  "description": "Golden-visa (residency-by-investment) dataset for /golden-visas. Sourced 2026-07-08 from official government sources + OECD/EU/IMF where relevant. min_usd figures are the cheapest qualifying route; native-currency amounts drive, USD are conversions. Programs marked confidence:low come from a completeness scan and await the official-source verification pass. DRAFT.",
  "verified_date": "2026-07-08",
  "count": 70,
  "attribution": "Data by SoloOutpost (https://solooutpost.com). Free to use, please link back.",
  "programs": [
    {
      "slug": "portugal",
      "country": "Portugal",
      "iso": "PT",
      "program_name": "Residency Permit for Investment Activity (ARI / Golden Visa)",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Real-estate route removed Oct 2023; funds/business/research/donation remain.",
      "authority_url": "https://vistos.mne.gov.pt/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Qualifying investment fund",
          "min_usd": 550000,
          "notes": "EUR 500k"
        },
        {
          "route": "Job creation / business",
          "min_usd": 550000,
          "notes": "EUR 500k"
        },
        {
          "route": "Cultural donation",
          "min_usd": 220000,
          "notes": "EUR 200k"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "2-year renewable permit",
      "physical_presence": "7 days/year average",
      "path_to_citizenship": "~10 years (extended 2026)",
      "family": "spouse, dependent children, dependent parents",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "greece",
      "country": "Greece",
      "iso": "GR",
      "program_name": "Greece Golden Visa",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Tiered real estate since 2024; EUR 250k conversion/restoration niche; new EUR 250k startup route.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.immigration.gov.gr/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Real estate (conversion/restoration)",
          "min_usd": 275000,
          "notes": "EUR 250k"
        },
        {
          "route": "Real estate (regional)",
          "min_usd": 440000,
          "notes": "EUR 400k"
        },
        {
          "route": "Real estate (Athens/islands prime)",
          "min_usd": 880000,
          "notes": "EUR 800k"
        },
        {
          "route": "Investment fund (Greek equities)",
          "min_usd": 385000,
          "notes": "EUR 350k"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "5-year renewable permit",
      "physical_presence": "none for permit (183 days/yr for citizenship track)",
      "path_to_citizenship": "7 years + B1 Greek + tax residency",
      "family": "spouse, children, parents",
      "restricted_nationalities": [
        "Russia",
        "Belarus"
      ],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "italy",
      "country": "Italy",
      "iso": "IT",
      "program_name": "Italy Investor Visa",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Suspended for Russian/Belarusian nationals (incl. dual) since 2023.",
      "authority_url": "https://investorvisa.mise.gov.it/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Innovative startup",
          "min_usd": 275000,
          "notes": "EUR 250k"
        },
        {
          "route": "Italian company",
          "min_usd": 550000,
          "notes": "EUR 500k"
        },
        {
          "route": "Philanthropic donation",
          "min_usd": 1100000,
          "notes": "EUR 1M"
        },
        {
          "route": "Government bonds",
          "min_usd": 2200000,
          "notes": "EUR 2M"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "2-year renewable permit",
      "physical_presence": "none for permit",
      "path_to_citizenship": "10 years",
      "family": "spouse, minor children, dependent adult children, parents 65+",
      "restricted_nationalities": [
        "Russia",
        "Belarus"
      ],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "malta",
      "country": "Malta",
      "iso": "MT",
      "program_name": "Malta Permanent Residence Programme (MPRP)",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Residency only; does NOT lead to citizenship. Excludes sanctioned/high-risk nationalities.",
      "authority_url": "https://residencymalta.gov.mt/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Property purchase + contributions",
          "min_usd": 413000,
          "notes": "EUR 375k property (South Malta/Gozo) + govt contribution; ~EUR 500k all-in"
        },
        {
          "route": "Property lease + contributions",
          "min_usd": 77000,
          "notes": "EUR 14k/yr lease + EUR 500k assets (EUR 150k liquid)"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "Permanent residence (lifetime)",
      "physical_presence": "none",
      "path_to_citizenship": "Not via MPRP; standard naturalisation after 5 years is separate",
      "family": "spouse, children, parents, grandparents",
      "restricted_nationalities": [
        "Russia",
        "Belarus",
        "Afghanistan",
        "North Korea",
        "Iran",
        "DR Congo",
        "Somalia",
        "South Sudan",
        "Sudan",
        "Yemen",
        "Venezuela"
      ],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "cyprus",
      "country": "Cyprus",
      "iso": "CY",
      "program_name": "Immigration Permit for Investors (PR by investment)",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Citizenship-by-investment ended Nov 2020; PR program active.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.gov.cy/mip-md/en/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Real estate (new)",
          "min_usd": 327000,
          "notes": "EUR 300k"
        },
        {
          "route": "Company share capital (5+ staff)",
          "min_usd": 327000,
          "notes": "EUR 300k"
        },
        {
          "route": "Investment fund",
          "min_usd": 327000,
          "notes": "EUR 300k"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "Permanent (renew card every 10 years)",
      "physical_presence": "one visit every 2 years",
      "path_to_citizenship": "8 years + Greek B1",
      "family": "spouse, children to 18 (25 if studying)",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "hungary",
      "country": "Hungary",
      "iso": "HU",
      "program_name": "Guest Investor Residence Permit",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Relaunched 2024; EUR 500k property option removed Jan 2025.",
      "authority_url": "https://oif.gov.hu/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Real estate fund unit",
          "min_usd": 272000,
          "notes": "EUR 250k, 5-year hold"
        },
        {
          "route": "Higher-education donation",
          "min_usd": 1090000,
          "notes": "EUR 1M"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "10-year permit, renewable 10 more",
      "physical_presence": "none",
      "path_to_citizenship": "8 years + B2 Hungarian",
      "family": "spouse, children",
      "restricted_nationalities": [
        "Russia",
        "Belarus"
      ],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "latvia",
      "country": "Latvia",
      "iso": "LV",
      "program_name": "Residence Permit by Investment",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Active since 2010.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.pmlp.gov.lv/en",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Business in SME",
          "min_usd": 54500,
          "notes": "EUR 50k + EUR 10k state fee"
        },
        {
          "route": "Real estate",
          "min_usd": 272000,
          "notes": "EUR 250k + 5% state fee"
        },
        {
          "route": "Bank deposit (5-yr)",
          "min_usd": 305000,
          "notes": "EUR 280k"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "5-year temporary permit",
      "physical_presence": "one visit/year",
      "path_to_citizenship": "10 years + A2 Latvian",
      "family": "spouse, children",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "medium",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "luxembourg",
      "country": "Luxembourg",
      "iso": "LU",
      "program_name": "Residence Permit for Investors",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Active but repeal legislation proposed (2025); very low uptake.",
      "authority_url": "https://guichet.public.lu/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Existing company",
          "min_usd": 545000,
          "notes": "EUR 500k, 5-yr hold"
        },
        {
          "route": "New business (5 jobs)",
          "min_usd": 545000,
          "notes": "EUR 500k"
        },
        {
          "route": "Bank deposit",
          "min_usd": 21790000,
          "notes": "EUR 20M, 5-yr"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "3-year renewable permit",
      "physical_presence": "none specified",
      "path_to_citizenship": "5 years + language",
      "family": "spouse, children",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "bulgaria",
      "country": "Bulgaria",
      "iso": "BG",
      "program_name": "Bulgaria Golden Visa (fund investment)",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "CBI ended 2022; PR via AIF/ETF fund investment.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.immigration.bg/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Alternative investment fund",
          "min_usd": 560000,
          "notes": "EUR 512k, capital-preserving"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "Permanent residence",
      "physical_presence": "minimal",
      "path_to_citizenship": "5 years",
      "family": "spouse, children",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "low",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "czechia",
      "country": "Czechia",
      "iso": "CZ",
      "program_name": "Czech Investment Visa",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "From completeness scan; verify officially.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.mvcr.cz/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Business + 20 jobs",
          "min_usd": 3300000,
          "notes": "CZK 75M (~EUR 3M)"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "2-year visa",
      "physical_presence": "business operation",
      "path_to_citizenship": "~10 years",
      "family": "spouse, children",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "low",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "slovakia",
      "country": "Slovakia",
      "iso": "SK",
      "program_name": "PR by Real Estate / Business Investment",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "From completeness scan; verify officially.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.minv.sk/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Real estate",
          "min_usd": 55000,
          "notes": "EUR 50k+, 5-yr hold; EUR 200k typical"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "Permanent residence",
      "physical_presence": "unverified",
      "path_to_citizenship": "~8 years",
      "family": "spouse, children",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "low",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "monaco",
      "country": "Monaco",
      "iso": "MC",
      "program_name": "Residence Permit (means-based)",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "No formal priced program; residency via financial self-sufficiency.",
      "authority_url": "https://monservicepublic.gouv.mc/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Bank deposit (reference letter)",
          "min_usd": 545000,
          "notes": "EUR 500k typical, bank-discretionary"
        },
        {
          "route": "Net worth / income alternative",
          "min_usd": 2174000,
          "notes": "EUR 2M net worth or EUR 300k+/yr income"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "1-year then 3-year then 10-year permits",
      "physical_presence": "continuous residence",
      "path_to_citizenship": "10 years, discretionary, renounce prior nationality",
      "family": "spouse, dependents",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "medium",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "montenegro",
      "country": "Montenegro",
      "iso": "ME",
      "program_name": "Temporary Residence by Property Ownership",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "CBI closed 2022; property residence, EUR 150k min from Jan 2026 (non-EU).",
      "authority_url": "https://www.gov.me/en/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Real estate",
          "min_usd": 163000,
          "notes": "EUR 150k tax-assessed value"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "1-year renewable permit",
      "physical_presence": "property occupation",
      "path_to_citizenship": "10 years",
      "family": "spouse, dependents",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "serbia",
      "country": "Serbia",
      "iso": "RS",
      "program_name": "Temporary Residence by Business / Real Estate",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "No formal priced minimum; company formation or property.",
      "authority_url": "https://welcometoserbia.gov.rs/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Company formation",
          "min_usd": 0,
          "notes": "no minimum; founder/director basis"
        },
        {
          "route": "Real estate",
          "min_usd": 0,
          "notes": "no official minimum"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "Up to 3-year permit",
      "physical_presence": "continuous (limited absences)",
      "path_to_citizenship": "~3-6 years, no language test",
      "family": "spouse, minor children",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "switzerland",
      "country": "Switzerland",
      "iso": "CH",
      "program_name": "Residence via Lump-Sum Taxation (forfait fiscal)",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Not a golden visa; residence via lump-sum tax deal with a canton. 5 cantons abolished it.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.efd.admin.ch/en/lump-sum-taxation",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Lump-sum tax (federal base)",
          "min_usd": 490000,
          "notes": "CHF 434,700 taxable base (2025); annual tax varies by canton, ~CHF 150k-450k+"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "1-year renewable B permit",
      "physical_presence": "majority of the year (centre of interests)",
      "path_to_citizenship": "10 years + C permit",
      "family": "spouse, minor children",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "medium",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "san-marino",
      "country": "San Marino",
      "iso": "SM",
      "program_name": "Economic Residence by Investment",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "From completeness scan; verify officially.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.gov.sm/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Real estate",
          "min_usd": 545000,
          "notes": "EUR 500k, 1-yr renewable economic residence"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "1-year renewable residence",
      "physical_presence": "unverified",
      "path_to_citizenship": "~30 years",
      "family": "spouse, dependents",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "low",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "jersey",
      "country": "Jersey",
      "iso": "JE",
      "program_name": "High Value Residency",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Crown Dependency; high-value residency by tax contribution.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.gov.je/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Property + annual tax",
          "min_usd": 2200000,
          "notes": "~GBP 1.75M property + ~GBP 170k/yr min tax on GBP 1.25M+ income"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "Entitled-for-work residency",
      "physical_presence": "expected genuine residence",
      "path_to_citizenship": "British naturalisation (5-6 years)",
      "family": "spouse, children",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "medium",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "guernsey",
      "country": "Guernsey",
      "iso": "GG",
      "program_name": "Investor / Entrepreneur Residency",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "From completeness scan; verify officially.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.gov.gg/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Entrepreneur",
          "min_usd": 260000,
          "notes": "GBP 200k in a company, manage full-time"
        },
        {
          "route": "Investor",
          "min_usd": 950000,
          "notes": "GBP 750k investment"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "Residence permit",
      "physical_presence": "varies",
      "path_to_citizenship": "British naturalisation ~6 years",
      "family": "spouse, children",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "low",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "isle-of-man",
      "country": "Isle of Man",
      "iso": "IM",
      "program_name": "Innovator Founder Visa (Tier 1 Investor suspended)",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Tier 1 Investor (GBP 2M) suspended Feb 2022; Innovator route active.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.gov.im/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Innovator (business)",
          "min_usd": 255000,
          "notes": "GBP 200k + 185 days/yr on island"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "Work/residence permit",
      "physical_presence": "185 days/year",
      "path_to_citizenship": "British naturalisation ~5-6 years",
      "family": "spouse, children",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "medium",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "romania",
      "country": "Romania",
      "iso": "RO",
      "program_name": "Romania Golden Visa (proposed)",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "pending",
      "status_note": "Draft legislation under parliamentary review; not yet in force.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.mai.gov.ro/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Bonds / real estate / funds / shares",
          "min_usd": 435000,
          "notes": "EUR 400k (proposed)"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "5-year renewable (proposed)",
      "physical_presence": "tbd",
      "path_to_citizenship": "tbd",
      "family": "tbd",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "low",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "spain",
      "country": "Spain",
      "iso": "ES",
      "program_name": "Spain Golden Visa",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "terminated",
      "status_note": "Terminated 3 April 2025. Prior applications processed under old rules.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.inclusion.gob.es/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Real estate (former)",
          "min_usd": 550000,
          "notes": "EUR 500k, no longer accepted"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "n/a (terminated)",
      "physical_presence": "n/a",
      "path_to_citizenship": "n/a",
      "family": "n/a",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "ireland",
      "country": "Ireland",
      "iso": "IE",
      "program_name": "Immigrant Investor Programme (IIP)",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "closed",
      "status_note": "Closed to new applications 15 Feb 2023.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.irishimmigration.ie/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Enterprise / fund (former)",
          "min_usd": 1090000,
          "notes": "EUR 1M, 3-yr hold"
        },
        {
          "route": "Donation (former)",
          "min_usd": 436000,
          "notes": "EUR 400k"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "n/a (closed)",
      "physical_presence": "n/a",
      "path_to_citizenship": "n/a",
      "family": "n/a",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "united-kingdom",
      "country": "United Kingdom",
      "iso": "GB",
      "program_name": "Tier 1 (Investor) Visa",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "closed",
      "status_note": "Closed to new applicants 17 Feb 2022 (security concerns).",
      "authority_url": "https://www.gov.uk/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "UK company shares/loans (former)",
          "min_usd": 2520000,
          "notes": "GBP 2M (GBP 5M/10M for faster settlement)"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "n/a (closed)",
      "physical_presence": "n/a",
      "path_to_citizenship": "n/a",
      "family": "n/a",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "netherlands",
      "country": "Netherlands",
      "iso": "NL",
      "program_name": "Admission Scheme for Foreign Investors",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "closed",
      "status_note": "Abolished 17 April 2024.",
      "authority_url": "https://ind.nl/en",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Innovative business (former)",
          "min_usd": 1360000,
          "notes": "EUR 1.25M"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "n/a (closed)",
      "physical_presence": "n/a",
      "path_to_citizenship": "n/a",
      "family": "n/a",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "united-arab-emirates",
      "country": "United Arab Emirates",
      "iso": "AE",
      "program_name": "UAE Golden Residency (Golden Visa)",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "10-year renewable; no sponsor.",
      "authority_url": "https://icp.gov.ae/en/services/golden-residency/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Real estate",
          "min_usd": 544000,
          "notes": "AED 2M full title"
        },
        {
          "route": "Public investment / fund",
          "min_usd": 544000,
          "notes": "AED 2M, 3-yr hold"
        },
        {
          "route": "Entrepreneur",
          "min_usd": 136000,
          "notes": "AED 500k project"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "5 or 10 years, auto-renew",
      "physical_presence": "no 6-month rule",
      "path_to_citizenship": "no standard path",
      "family": "spouse, children (all ages)",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "saudi-arabia",
      "country": "Saudi Arabia",
      "iso": "SA",
      "program_name": "Premium Residency",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Multiple tiers; property ownership route from Jan 2026.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.spa.gov.sa/en/N2213218",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Investor / business",
          "min_usd": 1100000,
          "notes": "~SAR 4M (thresholds not fully public)"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "Permanent (one-time) or annual renewable",
      "physical_presence": "none documented",
      "path_to_citizenship": "separate, discretionary",
      "family": "family residence + sponsorship",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "medium",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "qatar",
      "country": "Qatar",
      "iso": "QA",
      "program_name": "Permanent Residency by Investment",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Under Law No. 10 of 2018; thresholds set by Council of Ministers, not published.",
      "authority_url": "https://portal.moi.gov.qa/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Real estate / economic investment",
          "min_usd": 0,
          "notes": "minimum not publicly disclosed"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "Permanent",
      "physical_presence": "long residence requirement",
      "path_to_citizenship": "no",
      "family": "family residency",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "low",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "bahrain",
      "country": "Bahrain",
      "iso": "BH",
      "program_name": "Golden Residency Visa",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Property minimum reduced to BHD 130k (2026).",
      "authority_url": "https://services.bahrain.bh/wps/portal/GoldenResidency_en",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Property owner",
          "min_usd": 345000,
          "notes": "BHD 130k (was BHD 200k)"
        },
        {
          "route": "Retiree",
          "min_usd": 0,
          "notes": "BHD 4,000/mo income"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "2, 5 or 10 years",
      "physical_presence": "none",
      "path_to_citizenship": "no",
      "family": "family sponsorship",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "oman",
      "country": "Oman",
      "iso": "OM",
      "program_name": "Investor Residency (10-year Golden Residency)",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Launched Sept 2025.",
      "authority_url": "https://investoman.om/investor-residency",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Real estate / business / bonds / deposit",
          "min_usd": 520000,
          "notes": "OMR 200k across routes"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "10 years renewable",
      "physical_presence": "none documented",
      "path_to_citizenship": "no",
      "family": "spouse, children (all ages)",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kuwait",
      "country": "Kuwait",
      "iso": "KW",
      "program_name": "Investor Residency (10/15-year)",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "New, launched late 2025.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.moi.gov.kw/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Business (15-year)",
          "min_usd": 16300000,
          "notes": "KWD 5M"
        },
        {
          "route": "Real estate (10-year)",
          "min_usd": 650000,
          "notes": "KWD 200k-300k typical"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "10 or 15 years",
      "physical_presence": "none documented",
      "path_to_citizenship": "no",
      "family": "family inclusion",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "low",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "egypt",
      "country": "Egypt",
      "iso": "EG",
      "program_name": "Residency by Investment (real estate / deposit)",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Distinct from Egypt's citizenship-by-investment program.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.gafi.gov.eg/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Real estate",
          "min_usd": 50000,
          "notes": "$50k=1yr, $100k=3yr, $200k=5yr"
        },
        {
          "route": "Company ownership",
          "min_usd": 35000,
          "notes": "$35k (1 investor)"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "1/3/5-year renewable",
      "physical_presence": "none",
      "path_to_citizenship": "separate CBI program",
      "family": "spouse, children",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "medium",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "thailand",
      "country": "Thailand",
      "iso": "TH",
      "program_name": "Long-Term Resident (LTR) Visa",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "10-year visa; multiple categories.",
      "authority_url": "https://ltr.boi.go.th/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Wealthy Global Citizen",
          "min_usd": 500000,
          "notes": "$500k invest + $1M total assets"
        },
        {
          "route": "Wealthy Pensioner (50+)",
          "min_usd": 250000,
          "notes": "$80k income or $40k + $250k invest"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "5+5 years",
      "physical_presence": "none specified",
      "path_to_citizenship": "no direct path",
      "family": "spouse, children under 20 (max 4)",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "malaysia",
      "country": "Malaysia",
      "iso": "MY",
      "program_name": "Malaysia My Second Home (MM2H)",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Revised 2024, three tiers.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.mm2h.gov.my/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Silver",
          "min_usd": 150000,
          "notes": "$150k fixed deposit, 5-yr visa"
        },
        {
          "route": "Gold",
          "min_usd": 500000,
          "notes": "$500k FD, 15-yr"
        },
        {
          "route": "Platinum",
          "min_usd": 1000000,
          "notes": "$1M FD, 20-yr"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "5/15/20-year renewable",
      "physical_presence": "not specified",
      "path_to_citizenship": "no",
      "family": "spouse, children",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "medium",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "singapore",
      "country": "Singapore",
      "iso": "SG",
      "program_name": "Global Investor Programme (GIP)",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Revised May 2025; grants Permanent Resident status.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.edb.gov.sg/en/how-we-help/incentives-and-schemes/global-investor-programme.html",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Business",
          "min_usd": 7400000,
          "notes": "SGD 10M, 30+ employees"
        },
        {
          "route": "GIP fund",
          "min_usd": 18500000,
          "notes": "SGD 25M"
        },
        {
          "route": "Family office",
          "min_usd": 37000000,
          "notes": "SGD 200M AUM, SGD 50M in SG equities"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "Permanent Resident",
      "physical_presence": "~50% residency",
      "path_to_citizenship": "eligible after PR (case-by-case)",
      "family": "spouse, children, parents",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "hong-kong",
      "country": "Hong Kong",
      "iso": "HK",
      "program_name": "New Capital Investment Entrant Scheme (New CIES)",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Relaunched March 2024.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.immd.gov.hk/eng/services/visas/newcies.html",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Permissible assets",
          "min_usd": 3850000,
          "notes": "HKD 30M net + in permissible assets"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "2-year, extendable in 3-year blocks",
      "physical_presence": "present at application/extension",
      "path_to_citizenship": "Right of Abode after 7 years",
      "family": "spouse, unmarried children under 18",
      "restricted_nationalities": [
        "Afghanistan",
        "Cuba",
        "North Korea"
      ],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "indonesia",
      "country": "Indonesia",
      "iso": "ID",
      "program_name": "Golden Visa (Visa Emas)",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Launched July 2024.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.imigrasi.go.id/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Individual fund placement (5-yr)",
          "min_usd": 350000,
          "notes": "bonds/shares/deposit"
        },
        {
          "route": "Individual fund placement (10-yr)",
          "min_usd": 700000,
          "notes": ""
        },
        {
          "route": "Company establishment (5/10-yr)",
          "min_usd": 2500000,
          "notes": "$2.5M / $5M"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "5 or 10 years",
      "physical_presence": "not specified",
      "path_to_citizenship": "separate naturalisation",
      "family": "spouse, children",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "philippines",
      "country": "Philippines",
      "iso": "PH",
      "program_name": "Special Investor's Resident Visa (SIRV) & SRRV retiree visa",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "SIRV (BOI) and SRRV (PRA) run in parallel.",
      "authority_url": "https://boi.gov.ph/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "SIRV (stock investment)",
          "min_usd": 75000,
          "notes": "indefinite once converted"
        },
        {
          "route": "SRRV Classic (50+, pension)",
          "min_usd": 15000,
          "notes": "refundable deposit"
        },
        {
          "route": "SRRV Classic (no pension)",
          "min_usd": 30000,
          "notes": "deposit"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "Indefinite (as long as maintained)",
      "physical_presence": "none",
      "path_to_citizenship": "no",
      "family": "spouse, children under 21",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "south-korea",
      "country": "South Korea",
      "iso": "KR",
      "program_name": "Investment Residency (F-2, Public Business / Real Estate)",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Real-estate/tourism track deadline extended to Apr 2026.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.hikorea.go.kr/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Public business fund (F-2-12)",
          "min_usd": 300000,
          "notes": "KRW 500M, 5-yr, principal returned"
        },
        {
          "route": "Real estate / tourism (F-2-8)",
          "min_usd": 600000,
          "notes": "KRW 1B, Jeju/IFEZ zones"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "F-2 residency",
      "physical_presence": "none formal",
      "path_to_citizenship": "F-5 PR after 5 years",
      "family": "spouse, children",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "medium",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "japan",
      "country": "Japan",
      "iso": "JP",
      "program_name": "Business Manager Visa",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Not a golden visa; reformed Oct 2025 (6x capital increase).",
      "authority_url": "https://www.immi-moj.go.jp/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Business capital + employee + office",
          "min_usd": 187000,
          "notes": "JPY 30M paid-in capital"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "1-3 year renewable, tied to business",
      "physical_presence": "active business in Japan",
      "path_to_citizenship": "no direct path",
      "family": "spouse",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "cambodia",
      "country": "Cambodia",
      "iso": "KH",
      "program_name": "My Second Home (CM2H)",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "10-year visa via approved real estate; distinct from Cambodia's citizenship-by-investment.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.cm2h.com/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Approved real estate",
          "min_usd": 100000,
          "notes": "$100k, title deed"
        },
        {
          "route": "Membership fee",
          "min_usd": 50000,
          "notes": "one-time"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "10-year renewable",
      "physical_presence": "none",
      "path_to_citizenship": "reportedly after 5 years (verify)",
      "family": "spouse, dependents",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "medium",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kazakhstan",
      "country": "Kazakhstan",
      "iso": "KZ",
      "program_name": "Kazakhstan Golden Visa (10-year investment residency)",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Launched May 2025.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.gov.kz/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Company capital / securities",
          "min_usd": 300000,
          "notes": "$300k (not real estate)"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "Immediate permanent residence",
      "physical_presence": "none",
      "path_to_citizenship": "long/discretionary",
      "family": "family inclusion",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "low",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "azerbaijan",
      "country": "Azerbaijan",
      "iso": "AZ",
      "program_name": "Residence by Investment",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "From completeness scan; verify officially.",
      "authority_url": "https://migration.gov.az/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Real estate / deposit / securities",
          "min_usd": 120000,
          "notes": "AZN 200k permanent-residence route"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "Temporary/permanent residence",
      "physical_presence": "unverified",
      "path_to_citizenship": "~5 years",
      "family": "family inclusion",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "low",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "vietnam",
      "country": "Vietnam",
      "iso": "VN",
      "program_name": "Vietnam Golden Visa (proposed)",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "pending",
      "status_note": "Announced 2025; not yet implemented (DT investor visa exists).",
      "authority_url": "https://xuatnhapcanh.gov.vn/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Investment (proposed)",
          "min_usd": 120000,
          "notes": "~VND 3B (proposed)"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "5-10 years (proposed)",
      "physical_presence": "tbd",
      "path_to_citizenship": "tbd",
      "family": "tbd",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "low",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "new-zealand",
      "country": "New Zealand",
      "iso": "NZ",
      "program_name": "Active Investor Plus Visa",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Revamped April 2025; two tiers.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.immigration.govt.nz/visas/active-investor-plus-visa/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Growth",
          "min_usd": 3000000,
          "notes": "NZD 5M, 3-yr, 21 days/yr in NZ"
        },
        {
          "route": "Balanced",
          "min_usd": 6000000,
          "notes": "NZD 10M, 5-yr, 105 days/yr"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "Resident Visa to Permanent Resident",
      "physical_presence": "21-105 days/year",
      "path_to_citizenship": "5 years",
      "family": "partner, children under 24",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "australia",
      "country": "Australia",
      "iso": "AU",
      "program_name": "Business Innovation & Investment (Significant Investor 188)",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "closed",
      "status_note": "Closed to new applications 1 July 2024.",
      "authority_url": "https://immi.homeaffairs.gov.au/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Complying investment (former)",
          "min_usd": 3300000,
          "notes": "AUD 5M"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "n/a (closed)",
      "physical_presence": "n/a",
      "path_to_citizenship": "n/a",
      "family": "n/a",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "palau",
      "country": "Palau",
      "iso": "PW",
      "program_name": "Palau Economic Investment Program",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "From completeness scan; verify officially.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.palaugov.pw/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Approved investment",
          "min_usd": 250000,
          "notes": "5-yr hold"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "Permanent residence",
      "physical_presence": "low",
      "path_to_citizenship": "~5 years residency",
      "family": "family inclusion",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "low",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "united-states",
      "country": "United States",
      "iso": "US",
      "program_name": "EB-5 Immigrant Investor Program",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "RIA 2022; regional-center program authorized to 30 Sep 2027.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.uscis.gov/working-in-the-united-states/permanent-workers/employment-based-immigration-fifth-preference-eb-5",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "TEA (rural/high-unemployment/infrastructure)",
          "min_usd": 800000,
          "notes": "+10 jobs"
        },
        {
          "route": "Standard (non-TEA)",
          "min_usd": 1050000,
          "notes": "+10 jobs"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "2-year conditional green card then permanent",
      "physical_presence": "no abandonment of US residence",
      "path_to_citizenship": "5 years as LPR",
      "family": "spouse, unmarried children under 21",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "canada",
      "country": "Canada",
      "iso": "CA",
      "program_name": "Quebec Immigrant Investor Program (federal IIP terminated 2014)",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Federal IIP terminated 2014; Quebec program active.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.quebec.ca/en/immigration/permanent/immigrate-business/investors",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Guaranteed 5-year investment",
          "min_usd": 880000,
          "notes": "CAD 1.2M total (CAD 1M investment + CAD 200k contribution), net worth CAD 2M"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "CSQ then permanent residence",
      "physical_presence": "12-month stay within 2 years",
      "path_to_citizenship": "3 years PR",
      "family": "spouse, children",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "panama",
      "country": "Panama",
      "iso": "PA",
      "program_name": "Qualified Investor Visa + Friendly Nations Visa",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Qualified Investor real-estate min rises to $500k after 15 Oct 2026.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.migracion.gob.pa/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Friendly Nations (real estate/deposit)",
          "min_usd": 200000,
          "notes": "designated nationalities only"
        },
        {
          "route": "Qualified Investor (real estate)",
          "min_usd": 300000,
          "notes": "$300k to 15 Oct 2026 then $500k; immediate PR"
        },
        {
          "route": "Qualified Investor (securities)",
          "min_usd": 500000,
          "notes": ""
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "Immediate permanent residence (QIV)",
      "physical_presence": "none strict",
      "path_to_citizenship": "5 years + Spanish/civics",
      "family": "spouse, minor children",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "medium",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "costa-rica",
      "country": "Costa Rica",
      "iso": "CR",
      "program_name": "Investor Residency (Inversionista)",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "$150k reduced rate expires 14 July 2026, reverts to $200k.",
      "authority_url": "https://migracion.go.cr/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Real estate / business",
          "min_usd": 150000,
          "notes": "$150k to 14 Jul 2026 then $200k"
        },
        {
          "route": "Forestry",
          "min_usd": 100000,
          "notes": ""
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "2-year temporary, renewable",
      "physical_presence": "6 months/year",
      "path_to_citizenship": "7 years",
      "family": "spouse, children under 25",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "nicaragua",
      "country": "Nicaragua",
      "iso": "NI",
      "program_name": "Investor Residency",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Immediate PR; 2026 amendment ends dual citizenship for naturalising citizens.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.migracion.gob.ni/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Real estate / business / agri",
          "min_usd": 30000,
          "notes": "$30k; requires local guarantor"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "Immediate permanent residence",
      "physical_presence": "~1 month/yr for citizenship",
      "path_to_citizenship": "2 years (must renounce prior nationality)",
      "family": "spouse, children",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "medium",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "mexico",
      "country": "Mexico",
      "iso": "MX",
      "program_name": "Residency by Economic Solvency / Investment",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Thresholds pegged to UMA; set per consulate.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.gob.mx/inm",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Temporary (savings/investment)",
          "min_usd": 74000,
          "notes": "~11,460 UMA average balance"
        },
        {
          "route": "Permanent (savings)",
          "min_usd": 293000,
          "notes": "~45,850 UMA"
        },
        {
          "route": "Real estate",
          "min_usd": 624000,
          "notes": "property deed value"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "Temporary 1-4 yr / Permanent indefinite",
      "physical_presence": "none for temporary",
      "path_to_citizenship": "~5 years",
      "family": "spouse, minor dependents",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "colombia",
      "country": "Colombia",
      "iso": "CO",
      "program_name": "Migrant (M) Investor Visa",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Thresholds pegged to SMLMV (minimum wage).",
      "authority_url": "https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Business ownership",
          "min_usd": 44000,
          "notes": "100 SMLMV"
        },
        {
          "route": "Real estate",
          "min_usd": 153000,
          "notes": "350 SMLMV"
        },
        {
          "route": "Foreign direct investment",
          "min_usd": 285000,
          "notes": "650 SMLMV"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "Up to 3-year M visa",
      "physical_presence": "no absence >6 months",
      "path_to_citizenship": "5 years (1-2 for Latin/Spain ties)",
      "family": "spouse, children",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "uruguay",
      "country": "Uruguay",
      "iso": "UY",
      "program_name": "Legal residence + investment tax-residency routes",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "No investment gate for legal residence; investment fast-tracks tax residency.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.gub.uy/tramites/residencia-legal-permanente",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Real estate + 60 days/yr",
          "min_usd": 525000,
          "notes": "3.5M UI (tax residency)"
        },
        {
          "route": "Business + 15 jobs",
          "min_usd": 2250000,
          "notes": "15M UI"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "Legal permanent residence",
      "physical_presence": "lapses if absent 3 years",
      "path_to_citizenship": "3-5 years",
      "family": "spouse, children",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "paraguay",
      "country": "Paraguay",
      "iso": "PY",
      "program_name": "Permanent Residency for Investors (SUACE / Investor Pass)",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Direct permanent residency; Investor Pass streamlined 2026.",
      "authority_url": "https://migraciones.gov.py/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "SUACE company (5 jobs)",
          "min_usd": 70000,
          "notes": "$70k committed"
        },
        {
          "route": "Investor Pass (tourism)",
          "min_usd": 150000,
          "notes": ""
        },
        {
          "route": "Investor Pass (real estate/stock)",
          "min_usd": 200000,
          "notes": "no job requirement"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "Permanent residence (10-yr cedula)",
      "physical_presence": "no absence >3 years",
      "path_to_citizenship": "3 years",
      "family": "spouse, children",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "brazil",
      "country": "Brazil",
      "iso": "BR",
      "program_name": "VIPER Investor Permanent Residence",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "CNIg resolutions; real estate or business.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.gov.br/mj/pt-br",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Business investment",
          "min_usd": 92000,
          "notes": "BRL 500k (BRL 150k for startups)"
        },
        {
          "route": "Real estate",
          "min_usd": 185000,
          "notes": "BRL 1M (BRL 700k North/Northeast)"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "Permanent residence",
      "physical_presence": "no absence >2 years",
      "path_to_citizenship": "4 years + Portuguese",
      "family": "spouse, children, dependent parents",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "medium",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "chile",
      "country": "Chile",
      "iso": "CL",
      "program_name": "Chile Investor Visa",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "From completeness scan; productive investment only (real estate excluded).",
      "authority_url": "https://www.serviciomigraciones.cl/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Productive investment",
          "min_usd": 500000,
          "notes": "$500k"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "2-year visa, renewable",
      "physical_presence": "varies",
      "path_to_citizenship": "5 years",
      "family": "family inclusion",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "low",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "guatemala",
      "country": "Guatemala",
      "iso": "GT",
      "program_name": "Investor Visa",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "From completeness scan; verify officially.",
      "authority_url": "https://igm.gob.gt/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Business investment",
          "min_usd": 60000,
          "notes": "$60k-100k"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "Temporary residency (up to 5 yr)",
      "physical_presence": "varies",
      "path_to_citizenship": "~5 years",
      "family": "family inclusion",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "low",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "mauritius",
      "country": "Mauritius",
      "iso": "MU",
      "program_name": "Occupation/Residence Permit by Investment",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "10-year permits; PR path.",
      "authority_url": "https://edbmauritius.org/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Occupation Permit (investor)",
          "min_usd": 50000,
          "notes": "$50k"
        },
        {
          "route": "Real estate residence",
          "min_usd": 375000,
          "notes": "$375k approved scheme"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "10-year renewable; real-estate residence while owned",
      "physical_presence": "none",
      "path_to_citizenship": "naturalisation ~5-7 years",
      "family": "spouse, children under 24, parents",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "south-africa",
      "country": "South Africa",
      "iso": "ZA",
      "program_name": "Financially Independent Permit / Business Visa",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Immigration Act 2002.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.dha.gov.za",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Financially Independent Permit (PR)",
          "min_usd": 675000,
          "notes": "net worth ZAR 12M + ZAR 120k fee"
        },
        {
          "route": "Business Visa",
          "min_usd": 281000,
          "notes": "ZAR 5M + 60% local staff"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "PR (FIP) or temporary (business)",
      "physical_presence": "enter once every 3 years (PR)",
      "path_to_citizenship": "5 years PR",
      "family": "spouse, children, parents",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "namibia",
      "country": "Namibia",
      "iso": "NA",
      "program_name": "Investor work/residence permits (no formal golden visa)",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "contested",
      "status_note": "No enacted RBI program; framework drafted, awaiting Cabinet. Case-by-case permits.",
      "authority_url": "https://mhaiss.gov.na",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Business investment (advisory figure)",
          "min_usd": 225000,
          "notes": "~N$4M, not officially confirmed"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "Up to 5-year work/residence visa",
      "physical_presence": "unverified",
      "path_to_citizenship": "~10 years",
      "family": "spouse, children under 21",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "low",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "seychelles",
      "country": "Seychelles",
      "iso": "SC",
      "program_name": "Investor Permanent Residence (no conventional golden visa)",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "contested",
      "status_note": "Discretionary; foreigners cannot freely buy property.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.ics.gov.sc",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Investor PR",
          "min_usd": 1000000,
          "notes": "$1M + residence/business association (SIB guidance); no conventional golden visa"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "5-year residence / investor PR",
      "physical_presence": "5 days/year (residence permit)",
      "path_to_citizenship": "~10 years, discretionary",
      "family": "spouse, children (fees)",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "medium",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "kenya",
      "country": "Kenya",
      "iso": "KE",
      "program_name": "Class G Investor Permit",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "From completeness scan; verify officially.",
      "authority_url": "https://immigration.go.ke/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Business / real estate / bonds",
          "min_usd": 100000,
          "notes": "$100k+"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "2-year renewable permit",
      "physical_presence": "varies",
      "path_to_citizenship": "7 years residency",
      "family": "family inclusion",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "low",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "rwanda",
      "country": "Rwanda",
      "iso": "RW",
      "program_name": "Investor Permit / Citizenship by Investment",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "From completeness scan; verify officially.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.migration.gov.rw/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "CBI (real estate/bonds/business)",
          "min_usd": 100000,
          "notes": "$100k"
        },
        {
          "route": "Business investor permit",
          "min_usd": 250000,
          "notes": "$250k+"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "Investor residence permit",
      "physical_presence": "varies",
      "path_to_citizenship": "varies",
      "family": "family inclusion",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "low",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "cape-verde",
      "country": "Cape Verde",
      "iso": "CV",
      "program_name": "Residency by Property Investment",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "From completeness scan; verify officially.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.gov.cv/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Real estate",
          "min_usd": 88000,
          "notes": "EUR 80k (under-GDP areas) / EUR 120k (GDP zones)"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "Permanent residence (renew 5-yr)",
      "physical_presence": "none",
      "path_to_citizenship": "5-10 years",
      "family": "family inclusion",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "low",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "bahamas",
      "country": "Bahamas",
      "iso": "BS",
      "program_name": "Economic Permanent Residence (real estate)",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Minimum raised to BSD 1M (Jan 2025); fast-track at 1.5M.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.immigration.gov.bs/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Real estate",
          "min_usd": 1000000,
          "notes": "BSD 1M, 10-yr hold"
        },
        {
          "route": "Fast-track real estate",
          "min_usd": 1500000,
          "notes": "accelerated 3-6 mo"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "Lifetime permanent residence",
      "physical_presence": "~90 days/yr expected",
      "path_to_citizenship": "not direct",
      "family": "immediate family",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "cayman-islands",
      "country": "Cayman Islands",
      "iso": "KY",
      "program_name": "Residency Certificate for Persons of Independent Means / Permanent Residence",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "25-year certificate + permanent-residence route.",
      "authority_url": "https://gov.ky/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Residency Certificate (Grand Cayman)",
          "min_usd": 640000,
          "notes": "CI$1M total (CI$500k real estate)"
        },
        {
          "route": "Certificate of Permanent Residence",
          "min_usd": 1280000,
          "notes": "CI$2M developed real estate"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "25 years / indefinite",
      "physical_presence": "not required",
      "path_to_citizenship": "BOTC naturalisation (PR route)",
      "family": "dependents",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "bermuda",
      "country": "Bermuda",
      "iso": "BM",
      "program_name": "Economic Investment Certificate + Residential Certificate",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Policy revised June 2024.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.gov.bm/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Economic Investment Certificate",
          "min_usd": 2500000,
          "notes": "$2.5M approved sectors"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "EIC then indefinite Residential Certificate",
      "physical_presence": "not required",
      "path_to_citizenship": "not detailed",
      "family": "spouse, minor dependents",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "anguilla",
      "country": "Anguilla",
      "iso": "AI",
      "program_name": "Anguilla Residency by Investment (ARBI)",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Economic Residence Act 2019.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.residency.gov.ai/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Real estate",
          "min_usd": 750000,
          "notes": "$750k (family of 4), +$100k per extra"
        },
        {
          "route": "Tax residence route",
          "min_usd": 150000,
          "notes": "~$150k/yr (terms unverified)"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "Permanent residence for family",
      "physical_presence": "9 months/yr for 5 years (for PR)",
      "path_to_citizenship": "naturalisation after 5 years",
      "family": "up to 4 on $750k",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "high",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    },
    {
      "slug": "montserrat",
      "country": "Montserrat",
      "iso": "MS",
      "program_name": "Permit of Economic Residence",
      "type": "residency_by_investment",
      "status": "active",
      "status_note": "Under Immigration Act; guidance notes dated 2020.",
      "authority_url": "https://www.gov.ms/",
      "investment_options": [
        {
          "route": "Bank deposit / real estate / bonds",
          "min_usd": 150000,
          "notes": "XCD 400k-450k"
        }
      ],
      "residency_granted": "De facto permanent residence",
      "physical_presence": "not required",
      "path_to_citizenship": "not detailed",
      "family": "unverified",
      "restricted_nationalities": [],
      "confidence": "medium",
      "verified_date": "2026-07-08"
    }
  ]
}